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The knee in the human body is a hinge joint involving the thigh bone and the shin bone. Knee replacement surgery is a technique that removes a diseased knee joint and replaces it with an artificial joint (prosthesis). One of the most common reasons for this operation is severe osteoarthritis, which causes relentless pain, joint deformity and mobility problems. Knee replacement surgery is known as ‘total knee arthroplasty’.
A unicompartmental knee replacement is at times used instead of a total knee replacement. This is when only one side of the knee has been damaged by osteoarthritis. Unicompartmental knee replacements involve smaller incisions, reduced bleeding, quicker recovery, and less bone loss than a total knee replacement.
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Knee replacement surgery procedure
During a knee replacement surgery, the bone and cartilage on the end of the thigh bone (femur) and top of the shin bone (tibia) are removed. This is performed using precision instruments to create exact surfaces to fit the implant. A metal and plastic knee replacement implant is then fitted in to function as a new knee joint. Based on the condition of the cartilage on the undersurface of the kneecap, this may also have to be replaced.
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A total hip replacement - also called a hip arthroplasty- is an advanced surgical procedure that re-structures the hip joint region.
Under this procedure the head of the femur (the bone that extends from the hip to the knee) is removed along with the surface layer of the socket in the pelvis (the two large bones that rest on the lower limbs and support the spinal column).
The head of the femur bone, which is situated within the pelvis socket, is replaced with a metal ball and stem. This stem fits into the shaft of the femur.
This socket is then replaced with a plastic or a metal and plastic cup.
Hip replacement is indicated where conservative management has failed. Worldwide, more than 1 million hips are replaced annually. With careful patient selection and meticulous surgical technique, good long term results occur in over 90% of cases.
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The surgical procedure
At the time of surgery, once the hip joint is exposed, the head and neck of the femur are removed. The shaft of the femur is then adjusted to accept the metal component consisting of the head, neck, and stem. After fixing the plastic cup the ball and socket are then replaced into normal position. Both of these implants can be fastened into the bone with or without using the special cement.
Cemented procedure
The cemented procedure utilizes a doughy substance mixed at the time of surgery that is introduced between the artificial component and the bone. This type of fixation in total hips remains the gold standard and is the method of choice for many surgeons. Depending upon their health and bone density, people over the age of 60 will receive this type of joint fixation.
Noncemented procedure
Despite its common use, not all individuals are candidates for a cemented hip. Studies show that young active adults tend to loosen their artificial components prematurely. The current trend therefore, is to use an artificial joint covered with a material that allows bone tissue to grow into the metal. A tight bond of scar tissue if formed, which anchors the metal to the bone. This is called a cementless total hip replacement.
Apollo Hospitals, Max Healthcare and Fortis Hospitals specialise in these kind of treatment
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